An individual who goes beyond allyship by directly challenging racist, colonialist, and white supremacist policies, people, and institutions, even at personal risk. Also known as a “coconspirator.”

A listening technique in which interlocutors clarify, repeat, mirror, summarize, and validate one another in order to indicate understanding, often punctuated with stock phrases like “What I am hearing you say is . . . ”

A variation on the “safe space” concept that acknowledges the abiding possibility that oppression might occur in the process of engagement, requiring swift intervention by moderators and allies.