Braveheart Lied to Us

Many of the traditions we hold dear are less traditional than you might think.

Illustration by Rob en Robin


In his landmark 1983 essay “The Invention of Tradition,” historian Eric Hobsbawm writes of “practices, normally governed by overtly or tacitly accepted rules and of a ritual or symbolic nature, which seek to inculcate certain values and norms of behavior by repetition, which automatically implies continuity with the past.” He calls these practices “invented traditions,” which arise during times of modernization, change, and upheaval — when “actual” traditions may suddenly lose their salience, with the entities responsible for their preservation perhaps even ceasing to exist — to maintain the status quo and its attendant social relations by appealing to a nonexistent history. Invented traditions serve three main purposes, says Hobsbawm: symbolizing group cohesion, creating or legitimizing institutions, and socializing individuals into conventional behavior. These traditions exist all around the world — and chances are that you propagate or even partake in some of them every year.

Europe

Now worn in celebration of Scottish national identity and thought to correspond to ancient Highland clans, the tartan and kilt actually developed largely after the Union with England Act of 1707. Far from a practice of Celtic antiquity, Highland tradition — indeed, the very notion of it — formed largely in protest against English rule.
Meanwhile, Bordeaux is considered the traditional exporter of the finest wines in the world, but that reputation has less to do with anything in the soils of Aquitaine and more to do with how the Bordeaux elite managed to secure economic privileges for their exports during English occupation. By the time the English were ousted from Aquitaine at the Battle of Castillon, Bordelaise wines had undergone a remarkable transformation in reputation that would reinvent the history of wine growing in Southern France, naturalizing the superiority of Bordelaise wines that were, prior to the 12th century, in fact considered far inferior to interior wines.

Asia

While karate is indeed an ancient practice in the Ryukyu Islands, its philosophy reflects less about how karate was practiced in antiquity and more about how the Ryukyu Islands have long represented themselves in the face of Japanese occupation. The hall-marks of karate, namely its pacifism, as well as its supposed tether to an imagined samurai past, portray the Ryukyu Islands as peace-loving and noble — and posit them in stark opposition to a militaristic Japan.

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