Five Essential Texts on Democracy
We asked a leading political theorist for help understanding the meaning of democracy and the elite reaction to it.
“This new monster.” That, wrote C. L. R. James, is what democracy once was. So it remained for nearly two centuries, promising to devour the elite and the elect. Then something happened. “Democracy” became a word of containment, the companion of capitalism. Democracy wasn’t a monster. It was your friend, defending you from the monster. Despite — or perhaps because of — the fact that conservative parties across the globe are increasingly declaring themselves the enemies of democracy, the word still retains an odor of containment, particularly in higher circles of opinion and state. Among a sector of global elites, democracy remains a tocsin rather than a toxin.
The best works on democracy help us recapture those Jamesian elements of novelty and menace, which once shook the world, for better and for worse. Here are five of my favorites.
Challenging Authority: How Ordinary People Change America
Frances Fox Piven
Rowman & Littlefield
Though democracy is widely understood as a form of government, a particular organization of the state, the term derives from the Greek words for people (demos) and power (kratia). It’s easy to get romantic about “people power.” What distinguishes the work of Frances Fox Piven is her realism. Democratic power, she argues in Challenging Authority: How Ordinary People Change America, derives from the fact that social superiors need the cooperation of their subordinates to achieve their ends. Public officials need the consent of the governed, capitalists need the work of laborers, patriarchs need the labor and submission of women. That dependence of the superior on the subordinate gives the latter tremendous leverage. When they exercise “their ability to disrupt a pattern of ongoing and institutionalized cooperation that depends upon their continuing contributions,” ordinary people may not achieve the entire renovation of their social estate, but they can get the process going.