How Self-Financing Housing Works

Let’s consider the basic model for private rental development a little more closely. Different projects unfold in different ways, but the key sets of costs are the same from the perspective of the developer.

First, land needs to be acquired on which municipal zoning policy allows multifamily housing like rental apartments to be built (or on which the developer believes a rezoning for this purpose is very likely to be granted). Acquiring the land is often the most challenging and expensive of these steps, because exclusionary zoning policies often prohibit multifamily apartments, which drives up land prices for these scarce sites.

Once land is acquired, the developer must contract out the design and construction of the project. There are the ongoing operating and maintenance costs for the building and its amenities. A developer may sell off a project after completion to a long-term investor such as a pension fund, but for simplicity we’ll assume here that the developer holds on to the property as an owner-operator. Lastly, there is the cost of interest owed on the capital borrowed to finance the up-front investments.

A private-sector rental developer will only undertake a project if the anticipated income from rents will cover all these costs — land, construction, operating, and financing — plus a healthy profit margin. Public or nonprofit housing projects can also cover their up-front costs with ongoing rental income. However, eliminating the developer profit margin can achieve lower break-even (or self-financing) rents. In addition, the government can borrow at cheaper interest rates than the private sector and can amortize those costs over a longer period of time (fifty or more years, if desired), both of which can further reduce break-even rents.

In short, not unlike a private developer, the government can borrow money to develop new housing and use the rental income generated to fully cover the cost of servicing that debt over time, with no effect on the cash flow or tax revenue needs of the public sector overall.

Public or nonprofit housing projects can cover their up-front costs with ongoing rental income. There’s no real dispute about the basic logic of this. In fact, a recent report prepared by Coriolis Consulting for Metro Vancouver notes that government investment could be used to create “all the rental housing needed in this region” on a cost-recovery basis “depending on how rents are set.” The report points to jurisdictions like Vienna that have built public and nonprofit housing on a massive scale. But like much of the housing policy discussion, the report assumes there isn’t the political will to go this route, noting that the idea would run up against the “willingness of government to pay” up front.

Housing developer profits are often estimated to be about 15 percent of development costs. In the case of public development, the benefit of lower interest costs for government will further lower rental costs. We can reasonably assume rents that could be set at least 15 to 20 percent below market rates. As discussed below, there are other ways rents could be reduced to deeper levels of affordability. Marc Lee’s analysis found that a new wood-frame rental building with moderate land costs could achieve break-even rents of $1520 for a one-bedroom home. These homes would also be protected from the whims of rising market prices — a key feature of housing markets facing shortage problems. 

Government Finances

What pressure would this type of massive, self-financing housing investment put on government finances and taxes? The short answer is very little. Investing in public housing need not affect the annual provincial budget balance or redirect tax dollars from other public-policy priorities.

Several existing BC Crown corporations, the largest of which is BC Hydro, already cover their own capital and operating costs in much the same way proposed above. Taking the example of BC Hydro, its borrowing is considered to be self-supported debt, since the servicing costs are covered by its own dedicated income stream (i.e., payments from its electricity customers).

Accounting rules and credit-rating agencies consider self-supported debt to be distinct from taxpayer-supported debt, which is serviced using tax dollars. From the perspective of credit-rating agencies, taxpayer-supported debt levels are one of the main debt metrics determining the province’s cost of borrowing. This metric is unaffected by BC Hydro borrowing as long as it has a credible plan to cover its costs.

A housing investment program could be structured the same way under a Crown corporation — either a new one created for this specific purpose or an existing agency like BC Housing. If it has a credible plan to cover the up-front costs of investment through rental income, the housing investment won’t affect taxpayer-supported debt levels.

To be clear, this is not some sort of accounting trick — it is simply the recognition that certain Crown corporations have dedicated income streams that cover their own costs. This is why credit-rating agencies, typically very conservative institutions, don’t balk at the practice.

When the up-front costs of new housing are eventually paid off, the public sector is left with highly valuable long-term assets: the buildings themselves and the land acquired. When these rental buildings reach their end of life, future rounds of public housing can be undertaken with free land. Land wealth is a massive source of inequality in BC, and increasing its public ownership would help ensure these assets are harnessed for the public good, rather than serving as a huge source of passively accumulated private profit. In addition to these direct benefits, ensuring access to affordable housing for British Columbians would strengthen the province’s economic and fiscal health in a variety of other ways for years to come.

Imagine if BC undertook the mission to build this type of public housing at a rate of ten thousand — or even twenty thousand — new below-market rental homes per year. If we peg the up-front land and construction costs at roughly $500,000 per unit, the hypothetical Crown corporation would be undertaking $5 billion to $10 billion per year in borrowing in self-supported debt, backed by the rental income streams created.

This is a feasible level of investment. To put it in perspective, BC Hydro is projected to spend about $4.1 billion this year on capital investment booked as self-supported debt, backed by expected returns in the form of payments from electricity customers. 

Truly Affordable Rents

Break-even rents that are 15 to 20 percent below market levels for new buildings are still out of reach for many British Columbians with lower incomes. The good news is there are a whole slew of ways to achieve more deeply affordable rents.

If the cooperation of the municipality can be secured — or required by the province or state — one way to achieve cheaper rents is to build rental apartments on lower-priced land that is currently zoned for low-density detached housing. This land can be acquired more cheaply than sites already zoned for multifamily housing, where stiff competition from private developers for scarce multifamily parcels drives up costs. In most municipalities, the large majority of residential land is zoned exclusively for the most expensive form of housing: detached houses. Acquisition of land zoned as low-density would therefore help address unequal access to the city.

Costs could be lowered even further if municipalities were willing to waive the onerous parking requirements usually put on apartment buildings. Parking adds hugely to the cost of new apartments — tens of thousands of dollars per parking stall.

Different levels of government could further lower costs by contributing land they already own. However, we shouldn’t think of existing public land as free but rather as a scarce and valuable resource to be replenished and available for a whole range of public amenities — housing, childcare, parks, and so on. If we want to expand public housing for the long term, we need to steadily acquire new public land (preferably financed by taxing windfall gains to private landowners).

Yet another option is to structure housing projects to cross-subsidize between units in a building. If half of the homes were rented at market rates, the other half could be rented at lower amounts while still achieving a break-even average. Ideally, this would mean adding units to a given project and thereby increasing the total amount of new rental homes created on a land parcel of a fixed cost. As Marc Lee has shown, through a combination of these measures, public or nonprofit housing could be built and run at break-even rents about a third lower than those of private rental housing.

Finally, another important way to achieve more deeply affordable rents is to create a separate stream of operating subsidies or up-front grants for some public housing developments. The self-financing portion of the housing investment would remain separate under the Crown corporation structure — it would continue to be designated as self-supported debt. At the same time, the grants or subsidies would represent a separate contribution supported by tax revenues to help lower rents. Indeed, there is a strong case for supporting this type of housing investment by creating a dedicated new stream of revenue from taxing the enormous land wealth windfalls this province has seen in recent years.

Affordable Rental Homes for All

Provinces and states have the ability to undertake game-changing investments in public, nonmarket housing. The scenario presented here has shown how BC’s provincial government could invest in creating new rental homes at a scale that would fundamentally transform our broken housing system. But there’s no reason in principle that this type of self-financed public housing couldn’t be built by any willing level of government. The federal government could certainly do it and so could large municipalities — with the caveat that borrowing for capital investment is a slightly more complicated process for municipal governments. Governments can undertake this type of initiative on their own, in partnership with existing nonprofit housing developers or by some combination thereof.

There is simply no way out of the housing crisis without addressing the chronic shortage of homes overall and the shortage of dedicated, nonmarket rental housing in particular. A swath of recent research clearly shows that adding new housing “loosens the housing market in middle and low-income areas even in the short run” and “is likely to improve affordability outside the submarkets where the new construction occurs and to benefit low-income people.” This is true of new market rental housing, but public housing has the crucial added benefit of creating new units that are themselves immediately more affordable. If we are willing to make these investments at the levels needed to address the scale of the crisis, public and nonmarket housing delivers the most affordability bang for the buck.

The housing crisis sometimes feels beyond our control, but a massive effort to build below-market-priced, publicly owned rental homes is a policy option that’s achievable, affordable, and at our fingertips.